Indian Economic Survey ABBREVIATIONS

• AAI - Airports Authority of India
• ABDM - Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (erstwhile NDHM
• AB-HWCs - Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres
• AB-PMJAY - Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana
• ABRY - Atmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana
• ACC - Advance Chemistry Cell 
• AE - Advance Estimates 
• AEOs - Authorized Economic Operators
• AGR - Adjusted Gross Revenue 
• AIPA - Apex Committee for the Implementation of Paris Agreement
• AISAM - Air India Specific Alternative Mechanism 
• AISATS - Air India SATS (Singapore Airport Terminal Services) Airport Services Private Limited
• AIXL - Air India Express Ltd. 
• AMI - Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure
• ANB Atma Nirbhar Bharat
• APEDA - Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority
• API - Active Pharma Ingredients 
• APMC - Agricultural Produce Market Committee
• ARHC - Affordable Rental Housing Complexes
• ASEEM - Aatmanirbhar Skilled Employees Employer Mapping
• ASER - Annual Status of Education Report
• ASHA - Accredited Social Health Activist
• ATMP - Assembly, Testing, Marking and Packaging 
• AUM - Assets Under Management
• AWC - Anganwadi Centre
• AWW - Anganwadi Worker
• AYUSH - Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy
• B&R - Bridge and Roof Co. (India) Limited
• B2B - Business to Business
• BBBP - Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
• BCD - Basic Custom Duty
• BCM - Billion Cubic Meters 
• BE - Budget Estimate
• BEI - Business Expectation Index 
• BEML - Bharat Earth Movers Limited
• BFSI - Banking Financial Services and Insurance
• BG - Bank Guarantees 
• BISAG - Bhaskaracharya National Institute of Space Applications and Geo Informatics, Gujarat 
• BiSAG-N - Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics
• BoP - Balance of Payments
• BPCL - Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
• BPKP - Bharatiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati Programme
• Bps - basis points
• BRR - Business Responsibility Report
• BRSR - Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report
• BS - Bharat Stage
• BSE - Bombay Stock Exchange
• BSNL - Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
• BUR - Biennial Update Reports
• CAAQMS - Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
• CAD - Current Account Deficit 
• CAF - Customer Acquisition Forms 
• CAP - Cover and Plinth
• CAPEX - Capital Expenditure 
• CBIC - Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs
• CCAP - Climate Change Action Program
• CCEA - Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs 
• CDP - Crop Diversification Programme
• CDSL - Central Depository Services Limited
• CDRI - Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure
• CECA - Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement 
• CEL - Central Electronics Limited
• CEPA - Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
• CFPI - Consumer Food Price Index
• CGA - Controller General of Accounts
• CGD - City Gas Distribution Network 
• CGF - Clean Ganga Fund
• CGST - Central Goods and Service Tax
• CHC - Custom Hiring Centre
• CIP -  Central Issue Price
• CIP - Compliance Information Portal
• CIS - Competitiveness Incentive Support 
• ckm - circuit kilometer 
• CNG - Compressed Natural Gas
• CO2 - Carbon Dioxide
• CoO - Certificate of Origin
• COP - Conference of the Parties
• COVID 19 - Coronavirus disease
• CoWIN - Covid Vaccine Intelligence Work
• CPHC -  Comprehensive Primary Health Care
• CPI-AL - Consumer Price Index-Agricultural Labourers
• CPI-C - Consumer Price Index-Combined
• CPI-IW - Consumer Price Index-Industrial Workers
• CPI-RL - Consumer Price Index-Rural Labourers
• CPO - Crude Palm Oil
• CPSE - Central Public Sector Enterprise
• CPSEs - Central Public Sector Enterprises 
• CRAR - Capital to Risk-weighted Asset Ratio
• CRR -  Cash Reserve Ratio
• CSO - Central Statistics Office
• CTDP - Comprehensive Telecom Development Plan
• CTS - Craftsman Training Scheme
• CU - Capacity utilization 
• CWC - Central Warehousing Corporation
• DAC&FW - Department of Agriculture Cooperation and Farmers Welfare
• DAISY - Digitally Accessible Information System
• DAP - Di-ammonium Phosphate
• DARE - Department of Agricultural Research and Education
• DAY-NRLM - Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission
• DBT - Direct Benefit Transfer
• DBTL - Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG consumers
• DCIL - Dredging Corporation of India Limited
• DCP - Decentralized Procurement
• DDU - GKY Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana
• DEPCs - District Export Promotion Committees 
• DFI - Development Finance Institution
• DFI - Doubling Farmers’ Income
• DFPD - Department of Food & Public Distribution
• DIPAM - Department of Investment and Public Asset Management
• DMI&SP - Domestically Manufactured Iron and Steel Products 
• DoP - Department of Pharmaceuticals
• DPCO - Drug Price Control Order
• DPD - Direct Port Delivery
• DPIIT - Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade
• DTH - Direct To Home
• EBR - Extra Budgetary Resources
• ECB - External Commercial Borrowings
• ECBs - External Commercial Borrowings 
• ECCE - Early Childhood Care and Education
• ECGC - Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd. 
• ECLGS - Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme
• ECTS - Electronic Cargo Tracking System
• EIC - Export Inspection Council
• EMC - Electronics Manufacturing Clusters 
• EMDEs - Emerging Markets and Developing Economies
• EME - Emerging market economies
• e-NAM - Electronic National Agriculture Market
• ENT - Ear, Nose and Throat
• EOUs - Export Oriented Units
• EPABX - Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange
• EPCG - Export Promotion Capital Goods
• EPF - Employees Provident Fund
• EPFO - Employees Provident Fund Organisation
• e-scrip - Electronic Scrip
• ESDM - Electronics System Design and Manufacturing 
• ESG - Environmental, Social and Governance
• ESIC - Employees’ State Insurance Corporation
• ETC - Electronic Toll Collection
• EU - European Union 
• e-VIN - Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network
• EXIM Bank - Export-Import Bank of India 
• FAME - Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric vehicle
• FAO - Food and Agriculture Organisation
• FAR - Floor area ratio
• FCI - Food Corporation of India
• FD - Fiscal Deficit
• FDI - Foreign Direct Investment 
• FFS - Fund of funds for Startups
• FHTC - Functional Household Tap Connection
• FIDF - Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund
• FIIs - Foreign Investment Inflows
• FMD - Foot and Mouth Disease
• FPI - Foreign Portfolio Investment 
• FPOs - Farmers Producers Organizations
• FRL - Fiscal Responsibility Legislation
• FRP - Fair and Remunerative Price
• FSI - Floor Space Index
• FTA - Free Trade Agreement
• GB - gigabyte 
• GCA - Gross Cropped Area
• GCF - Gross Capital Formation
• GDP - Gross Domestic Product
• GEC - Green Energy Corridor 
• GeM - Government e-Marketplace
• GER - Gross Enrolment Ratio
• GFR - General Financial Rules
• GFCF - Gross Fixed Capital Formation
• GGI –OSOWOG - Green Grids Initiative-One Sun One World One Grid
• GI - Geographical Indication
• GIM - National Mission for a Green India
• GIS - Geographic Information System 
• GNPA - Gross Non Performing Assets
• GP - Gram Panchayats
• GPIs - Grossly Polluting Industries
• GSA - Gram Swaraj Abhiyaan
• GSDP - Gross State Domestic Product
• G-Sec - Government Securities
• GSR - General Statutory Rules
• GST - Goods and Services Tax
• GSTN - Goods and Services Tax Network
• GSTR - Goods and Services Tax Return
• GSVA - Gross State Value Added
• GT - Gross tonnage 
• GTR - Gross Tax Revenue
• GVA - Gross Value Added
• GVC - Global Value Chain
• GW - Ground Water / Gigawatt
• HFIs - High Frequency Indicators
• HFR - Health Facility Registry
• HMT - Hindustan Machine Tools
• HPCL - Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
• HPI - Housing Price Index
• HPR - Healthcare Professionals Registry
• HSCC - Hospital Services Consultancy Corporation Limited
• HUDCO - Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited
• HYVs - High Yielding Varieties
• IBC - Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
• IBP - Indo-Bangladesh Protocol 
• ICAR - Indian Council of Agricultural Research
• ICDS - Integrated Child Development Services
• ICEDASH - Indian Customs EDI Dashboard
• ICETRAK - Indian Customs Enquiry for Trade Assistance and Knowledge
• ICI - Index of Eight Core Industries 
• ICMR - Indian Council of Medical Research
• ICP - Integrated Check Post
• ICU - Intensive Care Unit
• ICWF - Indian Community Welfare Fund
• IDBI - Industrial Development Bank of India
• IFS - Integrated Farming System
• IFSC - Indian Financial System Code
• IGGL - Indradhanush Gas Grid Limited 
• IHMCL - Indian Highways Management Company Limited
• IIP - Index of Industrial Production 
• IIP - International Investment Position
• IISC - India International Skill Centre
• IIT - Indian Institutes of Technology
• IMC - Inter-Ministerial Committee 
• IMF - International Monetary Fund
• IMPS - Immediate Payment Service
• IMR - Infant Mortality Rate
• INSPACe - Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre
• InvIT - Infrastructure Investment trust
• IPA - Indian Ports Association
• IPOs - Initial Public Offering
• IPR - Intellectual Property Rights
• IR - Indian railways 
• IRCTC - Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation
• IRIS - Infrastructure for Resilient Island States
• ISA - International Solar Alliance
• IT/BPO - Information Technology/Business Process Outsourcing
• ITA - International Tourist Arrivals
• ITAT - Income Tax Appellate Tribunal
• ITBPM - Information Technology- Business Process Management
• JHBDPL - Jagdishpur-Haldia -Bokaro-Dhamra Gas Pipeline 
• JSS - Jan Shikshan Sansthan
• KCC - Kisan Credit Card
• KMS - Kharif Marketing Season
• KRCL - Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd. 
• KSM - Key Starting Materials 
• KVK - Krishi Vigyan Kendra
• KW - Kilowatt
• KYC - Know Your Customers 
• LAF - Liquidity Adjustment Facility
• LCS - Land Customs Stations
• LDCs - Least-Developed Countries
• LeadIT - Leadership Group for Industry Transition
• LED - Light Emitting Diode
• LF - License Fee 
• LFPR - Labour Force Participation Rate
• LIC - Life Insurance Corporation
• LIFE - Lifestyle For Environment
• LMT - Lakh Metric Tonne
• LMT - Lakh Metric Tonnes
• LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas
• LSA - Licensed Service Areas 
• LSB - Long Span Bridges
• LTEO - Long Term Ecological Observations
• MAI - Market Access Initiatives
• MBS - Mortgage-Backed Securities
• MCF - Million-Plus Cities Challenge Fund
• MCLR - Marginal Cost of Funds based Lending Rate 
• MDGs - Millennium Development Goals
• MEIS - Merchandise Exports from India scheme
• MFN - Most Favoured Nation
• MGNREGA/S - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act / Scheme
• MIDH - Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture
• MIF - Micro Irrigation Fund
• MITEA - Mega Integrated Textiles region and apparel park 
• MIV2030 - Maritime India Vision 2030 
• MLD - Millions of liters per day
• MMF - Man Made Fiber 
• MMT - Million Metric Tonne
• MoPNG - Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
• MoSPI - Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
• MoU - Memorandum of Understanding
• MPC - Monetary Policy Committee
• MPI - Multidimensional Poverty Index
• MoRTH - Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India
• MRO - Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul 
• MRP - Maximum Retail Price
• MSE-CDP - Micro Small Enterprises- Cluster Development Programme 
• MSMEs - Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises MSMEs
• MSP - Minimum Support Price
• MT - Metric Tonne
• MTFP - Medium Term Fiscal Policy
• MTNL - Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
• MTOE - Million Tonne of Oil Equivalent
• MTPA - Million Tonnes Per Annum
• MVA - Mega volt ampere 
• MW - Megawatt
• NABARD - National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
• NAFCC - National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change
• NAPCC - National Action Plan on Climate Change
• NAPS - National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme
• NARS - National Agricultural Research System
• NASSCOM - National Association of Software and Services Companies
• NBB - National Bee Board
• NBC - Net Borrowing Ceiling
• NBE - National Board of Examination
• NBHM - National Beekeeping and Honey Mission
• NBS - Nutrient Based Subsidy
• NCAP - National Carbonaceous Aerosols Programme
• NCAP - National Clean Air Programme
• NCDEX - National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange
• NCERT - National Council of Educational Research and Training
• NCEUS - National Commission for Enterprises in Unorganized Sector
• NCIVE - National Committee for the Integration of Vocational Education
• NCLT - National Company Law Tribunal
• NCR - National Capital Region
• NDC - Nationally Determined Contribution
• NDEAR - National Digital Education Architecture
• NDRF - National Disaster Response Fund
• NDS OM - Negotiated Dealing System-Order Matching
• NEER - Nominal Effective Exchange Rate 
• NEGVAC - National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19
• NEIA - National Export Insurance Account
• NEP - National Education Policy
• NER - North-Eastern Region
• NERAMAC - North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation Ltd.

• NFHS - National Family Health Survey
• NFSA - National Food Security Act
• NFSM - National Food Security Mission
• NGFS - Network for Greening the Financial System
• NGO - Non-Government Organisation
• NGPEs - Non-government/private entities
• NH - National Highways 
• NHA - National Health Authority
• NHB - National Housing Bank
• NIF - National Indicator Framework
• NIP - National Infrastructure Pipeline 
• NITI - National Institution for Transforming India
• NLMC - National Land Monetisation Corporation
• NMCG - National Mission for Clean Ganga
• NMEEE - National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
• NMEO-OP - National Mission on Edible Oils - Oil Palm
• NMP - National Master Plan
• NMP - National Monetisation Pipeline
• NMP - National Monetization Plan 
• NMR - Neonatal Mortality Rate
• NMSH - National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
• NMSKCC - National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
• NNPA - Net Non-Performing Assets
• NOC - No Objection Certificate
• NPCC - National Projects Construction Corporation Limited
• NPCL - National Payments Corporation of India
• NPE - National Policy on Electronics 
• NPPA - National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority
• NPS - National Pension Scheme
• NPV - Net Present Value 
• NRI - Non-Resident Indian
• NRM - Natural Resource Management
• NRP - National Rail Plan 
• NSDC - National Skill Development Corporation
• NSE - National Stock Exchange of India Ltd
• NSIL - New Space India Limited
• NSM - National Solar Mission
• NSO - National Statistical Office
• NSSF - National Small Savings Fund
• NSSO - National Sample Survey Office
• NW - National Waterway
• NWM - National Water Mission
• ODF - Open Defecation Free
• ODL - Open Distance Learning
• ODOP - One District One Product
• OEA - Office of the Economic Adviser
• OECD - Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
• OFC - Optical Fiber Cable 
• OFS - Offer For Sale
• OMSS(D) - Open Market Sale Scheme-Domestic
• OMSS - Open Market Sale Scheme
• ONORC - One Nation One Ration Card
• OPD - Out Patient Department
• OPEC+ - Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and its allies
• OSH & WC - Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions
• OSP - Other Services Providers
• PA - Provisional Actuals
• PAT - Perform Achieve and Trade
• PBBY - Pravasi Bharatiya Bima Yojana
• PD - Primary Deficit
• PDM - Potash Derived from Molasses
• PDS - Public Distribution System
• PE - Provisional Estimates  
• PEG - Private Entrepreneurs Guarantee
• PFMS - Public Finance Management System
• PIB - Press Information Bureau
• PIBO - Producer, Importer and Brand Owner
• PIO - Person of Indian Origin
• PKVY - Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
• PLFS - Periodic Labour Force Survey
• PLI - Production-Linked Incentive
• PM CARES - Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations
• PM DAKSH - Pradhan Mantri Dakshta Aur Kushalta Sampann Hitgrahi Yojana
• PM POSHAN - Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman
• PM - Particulate Matter
• PM-GKRA - Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan
• PM-ABHIM - PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission
• PM-ASBY - Pradhan Mantri Atma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana
• PMAY - Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
• PMEGP - Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme 
• PMFBY - Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
• PM-FME - Prime Minister-Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises
• PMGKY - Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana
• PMGSY - Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
• PMI - Purchasing Manager’s Index
• PM-KISAN - Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi
• PMKK - Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendras
• PMKSY - Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana
• PMKSY-PDMC - Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana – Per Drop More Crop
• PM-KUSUM - Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan
• PMKVY - Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
• PMMSY - Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampad Yojana
• PMP - Phase Manufacturing Plan
• PMRUs - Price Monitoring and Resource Units
• PMSSY - Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana
• PM-SYM - Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan
• PMUY - Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
• PNGRB - Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board 
• POL - Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants
• PoS - Point of Sale
• POSHAN - Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nutrition
• PPE - Personal Protective Equipment
• PPP - Public Private Partnership
• PPPAC - Public Private Partnership Appraisal Committee 
• PPPs - Public Private Partnerships 
• PSE - Public Sector Enterprise 
• POSOCO - Power System Operation Corporation Limited 
• PSU - Public Sector Undertaking 
• PTA - Preferential Trade Agreement
• PTD - Price to Distributor
• PV - Photovoltaic
• QCBS - Quality-cum-Cost Based Selection
• QCO - Quality Control Order 
• QE - Quantitative Easing
• QRR - Quarterly Revenue Recovery 
• R&D - Research and Development
• RBA - Reserve Bank of Australia
• RBI - Reserve Bank of India
• RCH - Reproductive & Child Health
• RCPLWEA - Road Connectivity Project for Left Wing Extremism Affected Areas
• RD - Revenue Deficit
• RDG - Retail Direct Gilt
• RE - Revised Estimate
• REC - Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
• REER - Real Effective Exchange Rate
• RES - Renewable energy resource 
• RFID - Radio Frequency Identification
• RKVY - Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
• RMS - Risk Management System
• ROA - Return on Assets
• RoC - Registrar of Companies
• RoDTEP - Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products
• ROE - Return on Equity
• RPL - Recognition of Prior Learning
• RSETIs - Rural Self Employment Training Institutes
• RTE Right To Education
• S&DT - Special and Differential Treatment 
• SACFA - Standing Advisory Committee on Radio Frequency Allocation
• SAGY - Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana
• SAP - State Advised Price
• SAPCC - State Action Plan on Climate Change
• SAS - Situation Assessment Survey
• SATS Air India (AI) - Singapore Airport Terminal Services 
• SAUBHAGYA - Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana
• SBSTA - Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice
• SCAMHP - Standing Committee on Affordable Medicines and Health Products
• SDG - Sustainable Development Goals
• SDGs - Sustainable Development Goals
• SDMF - State Disaster Mitigation Fund
• SDR - Special Drawing Rights
• SDRF - State Disaster Response Fund
• SDRMF - State Disaster Risk Management Fund
• SEZ - Special Economic Zones
• SFURTI - Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries 
• SH - State-Highways 
• SHGs - Self Help Groups
• SIAM - Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers
• SIDS - Small Island Developing States
• SISFS - Startup India Seed Fund Scheme
• SLDE - Secured Logistics Document Exchange
• SoP - Standard Operating Procedure
• SPECS - Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and Semiconductors 
• SPSE - State Public Sector Enterprise
• SPV - Special Purpose Vehicle
• SRS - Sample Registration Based System
• SSAP - State Specific Action Plan
• STL - Seasonal-Trend Decomposition Procedure based on Loess
• STT - Securities Transaction Tax
• STT - Short Term Training
• SUC - Spectrum Usage Charge 
• SWC - State-Warehousing Corporation
• TCS - Tax Collected at Source
• TDS - Tax Deducted at Source
• TFR - Total Fertility Rate
• THDC - Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Limited
• TIES - Trade Infrastructure for Export Scheme
• TLTRO - Targeted Long Term Repo Operations
• TMA - Transport and Marketing Assistance
• TMA - Tractor and Mechanization Association
• TOP - Tomato, Onion and Potato
• TPDS - Targeted Public Distribution System
• TRIPS - Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
• TRT - Turnaround Time
• TSP - Telecom Service Providers 
• U5MR - Under five Mortality Rate
• UAN - Universal Account Number
• UDISE - Unified District Information System for Education
• UED - Union Excise Duties
• UK - United Kingdom
• UPI - Unified Payments Interface
• ULB - Urban Local Bodies
• UNCITRAL - United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
• UNESCAP - United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia Pacific
• UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
• UR - Udyam Registration 
• UR - Unemployment Rate
• USA - United States of America
• USD - United States Dollar
• UT - Union Territory
• UW - Unorganised Workers
• VAP - Village Action Plan
• VAT - Value Added Tax
• VGF - Viability Gap Funding 
• VIX - Volatility Index
• VRRR - Variable Rate Reverse Repo
• VWSC - Village Water & Sanitation Committee
• WACR - Weighted Average Call rate
• WALR - Weighted Average Lending Rate
• WATDR - Weighted Average Domestic Term Deposit Rate
• WEO - World Economic Outlook
• WHO - World Health Organisation
• WPI - Wholesale Price Index
• WPR - Worker Population Ratio
• WSA - World Steel Association 
• WTO - World Trade Organization
• XV-FC - Fifteenth Finance Commission
• YoY - Year on Year